小學生的作文中「描寫文」的題目很常見,如透過描寫景物、人物等來抒發感情。同學要寫出一篇出色的描寫文,必須必利用生動、具體的描繪,令人對人物或景物獲得具體鮮明的形象。除了多觀察、多讀、多寫之外,學習寫作描寫文的技巧也非常重要!
寫作描寫文四大要點:
認清描寫對象: 作文要避免離題,寫作描寫文時必要了解題目要求的描寫重點,忌以大量篇幅敘事,忽略運用描寫手法刻劃人物或景物。如題目要求同學描寫年宵花市的人多擁擠情況,若同學只重記敘自己與家人逛花市的事情和描述不同攤位售賣的東西,而沒有描述其他人的活動,周遭的環境氣氛,就屬離題,會失掉很多分數呢!
二. 突出主體形象: 描寫對象可以分為人物描寫、景物描寫。人物描寫,需抓住最能反映描寫對象特徵的地方,主要可透過肖像描寫、語言描寫、行動描寫、心理描寫手法來反映人物的性格特徵和內心世界,令人如見其人,如聞其聲。而景物描寫則可以透過多角度、多感官描寫、著色詞、擬聲詞等令人如親歷其境,以烘托作者或人物的感情。再加上平時學習的比喻修辭、豐富詞彙,同學如能靈活選用,即可令作文更精彩。
三. 細節描寫: 細節描寫又稱「工筆」、「細描」,即選取描寫對象獨有的特徵,精雕細刻,是刻劃人物、景物的重要方法。同學必須對周遭的事物觀察入微,才能深入細緻地描寫事物,把別人忽略了的細節寫出來,令文章更深刻細膩。如有位同學描寫家中的爺爺,寫到回憶中爺爺是一個很有幽默感,愛說笑話的人,除了以語言描寫塑造爺爺的性格外,也會細描他說笑話、扮鬼臉的神態,如會摸摸禿頭、伸舌頭、咧嘴笑等細節描寫,有別一般人寫爺爺只是一個含糊的老人家形象,這位同學的文章,「老頑童」的形象活靈活現,令人讀起來感到生動有趣。
四.確定觀察點和描寫順序: 描寫的基礎是觀察,觀察要確定觀察點,因為立足點或角度不同,所感受的人和景物的形象也就不同,寫時要注意順序、層次,忌雜亂無章。如描寫景物,可利用步移法,轉移觀察點把不同景物順序寫出來;或可立定在一個地方,向前後、左右、上下觀望;或者依時間由先而後,由早至晚、由春至冬等作描寫。而人物描寫方面,則可由整體至局部,或上而下去寫,亦可先描寫肖象而再寫人物的語言行動。注意描寫文的結構組織很重要,家長在平日也可與小朋友人作一些口頭訓練,如與小朋友逛公園、市場,或遠足行山時,讓小朋友學習有條理地以前後、左右、上下描述周遭的景物,以致可以加強他們的表達能力。
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